A systematic review of Chinese as a second or foreign language teaching and learning resources outside Greater China in 2005-2025

Chinese language learning and teaching have attracted significant attention in recent years, with teaching and learning resources becoming a popular area of research. This systematic review aims to identify teaching and learning resources used outside the Greater China region and examine how research trends concerning these resources have evolved since 2005. Data extracted from the 74 included studies identified a variety of resources, ranging from paper-based textbooks to digital resources such as e-dictionaries, social networks, and artificial intelligence. This review highlights three main tendencies in the study of Chinese as a second or foreign language (CSL/CFL) teaching and learning resources: the ongoing focus on both paper-based and digital resources, an increasing attention to student-active approaches, and a growing awareness of cultural elements in CSL/CFL education. However, some gaps have also been noted, such as a lack of research on CSL/CFL teaching and learning resources in certain parts of the world and the simultaneous use of multiple proficiency scales.