Feasibility and Efficacy of Culturally Tailored Parenting Programme Delivered In‐Person vs. Zoom for Korean Americans: Towards Equitable Child Development

ABSTRACT First‐generation Korean Americans face parenting challenges due to language and cultural differences, impacting children's development. We evaluated the culturally tailored Ottuki Parenting Program, comparing its efficacy in‐person versus via Zoom. This comparison is important because it helps to clarify the role of delivery modality for immigrants who may have limited in‐person accessibility due to transportation, time and geographic barriers. Partnering with a Korean Community Service Center, 57 parents participated in 9‐week sessions in 2019 (in‐person), 2020 and 2021 (Zoom). The in‐person group included 14 parents, and the Zoom group included 43 parents. Pre‐ and postintervention surveys assessed parenting and children's behaviours. Quantitative analyses were conducted to evaluate changes across outcomes, and qualitative content analysis was applied to open‐ended responses. All parents improved in various parenting skills and family resilience, with the Zoom group showing greater gains on certain outcomes. Nevertheless, due to the discrepancies in time period, instructor expertise and implementation setting between the two groups, together with the absence of random assignment, the observed variations should be regarded with caution as exploratory rather than just as a result of delivery style. This study highlights the importance of culturally appropriate parenting programmes and demonstrates that Zoom delivery could enhance programme reach and effectiveness for immigrant families.