Transgenerational effects of adult heat stress on life history traits and population size of the seed beetle <i>Megabruchidius dorsalis</i> : Implications for adaptive responses and pest outbreaks under climate warming

) and mean fecundity (F), indicating potential long-term fitness costs. Overall, adult heat stress led to shorter generation times and advanced reproduction in offspring, but at the cost of reduced reproductive output. These findings highlight the dual role of heat stress in shaping M. dorsalis life history strategies, providing new insights into insect adaptation to thermal stress and offering a theoretical basis for predicting its population dynamics and pest outbreaks under ongoing climate warming.