Biomarkers of Injury Severity in Shoulder Instability and Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis.

» There is a poor understanding of the significance of biomarkers in the blood, synovial fluid, and tissue in patients with shoulder instability and posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). » Identification of biomarkers associated with injury severity in shoulder instability may provide prognostic information to help guide surgical treatment algorithms. » Current evidence suggests that the biomarkers of periostin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL1B, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein are associated with injury severity in patients with recurrent anterior shoulder instability. » There is limited information on genetic, transcriptomic, and protein biomarkers which may indicate individuals who are at more risk for development of shoulder instability. » An improved understanding of the local biomolecular tissue response to first-time and recurrent anterior shoulder instability may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for gene and protein targets to halt the early cascade of PTOA.