Global perspectives on occupational health risks in rural areas: a systematic review

This systematic review explores occupational risk factors in rural areas worldwide, focusing on 205 articles spanning 22 economic sectors. The study aims to identify prevalent risks and gaps in current research to inform improved health programs and policies for rural workers. Following Cochrane international standards, the review included searches across LILACS, SciELO, and PubMed databases. Articles were assessed for quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale checklist, and data were qualitatively synthesized. The review is registered under PROSPERO number CRD42024512333. Research was predominantly conducted in high-income countries, with agriculture, forestry, and fishing emerging as the most studied sectors. Nine aggregate risk factors were identified, with the most prevalent chemical, physical, and biological risks. Specific hazards included pesticide exposure, animal-borne pathogens, and insufficient protective equipment. Psychosocial factors, particularly mental health issues, significantly affect both formal and informal workers. Occupational diseases, such as respiratory, infectious, musculoskeletal, mental, and renal conditions, were more frequently studied than work-related accidents. Disparities were observed in research focus and policy implementation between high- and low-income countries. The findings highlight the need for enhanced information systems, comprehensive health programs, and policies aligned with international standards. These measures could support policymakers in designing promotion and prevention initiatives to reduce accidents and improve the living conditions of rural workers globally.