Sectoral Valuation Profiles and Earnings Quality in the Philippine Equity Market: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study of PSE-Listed Firms as of End-Q1 2026

This study presents a descriptive cross-sectional examination of equity valuation multiples, profitability metrics, leverage, and one-year market performance across 49 Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE)-listed firms spanning 11 sectors, as of April 1, 2026 — the final trading session of the first quarter of 2026 and the effective close of a period in which the PSE Composite Index (PSEi) had declined 13.11 percent from its recent peak of 6,903.53 recorded at end-Q1 2024. Using firm-level data sourced from the TradingView PSE financial screener, the study applies a four-metric valuation framework — price-to-earnings (P/E), price-to-book (P/B), price-to-sales (P/S), and enterprise value to EBITDA (EV/EBITDA) — alongside five profitability indicators comprising net margin, operating margin, return on equity, return on invested capital, and return on assets. The analysis employs no econometric estimation or hypothesis testing; all findings are descriptive and observational. Results indicate that the PSE at end-Q1 2026 is a low-to-moderate valuation market, with a trimmed sample median P/E of 9.34× and median P/B of 1.14×, consistent with substantial prior multiple compression rather than residual valuation excess. Sectoral valuation dispersion is wide and structurally grounded, with the Finance sector posting a median P/B of 0.71× — below book value — despite solid reported profitability, representing the study's most policy-relevant sectoral finding. High-P/E firms demonstrate superior capital efficiency, with median return on equity of 16.63 percent and return on invested capital of 14.55 percent relative to low-P/E counterparts, providing partial earnings quality justification for premium valuations. Nine firms with no computable trailing P/E ratio — representing 18.4 percent of the sample — are identified as a distinct analytical category consistent with temporary earnings disruption rather than fundamental business failure. Despite the PSEi's aggregate decline, 21 of 47 firms with available data recorded positive one-year market performance, underscoring the cross-sectional heterogeneity masked by index-level reporting. The study contributes a timely firm-level baseline for Philippine equity market research and proposes that market-based valuation signals, particularly Finance sector P/B ratios, be incorporated into regulatory and supervisory monitoring frameworks alongside conventional accounting-based indicators.