Assessment of Bovine Collagen Manufactured via Cellular Agriculture

< 0.05). Surface wettability testing highlighted comparable hydrophilicity for CB and AD collagens. Finally, the biocompatibility of the CB hydrogels was evident from the notable increase in cultured fibroblast cell density, live cell area, and metabolic activity over 7 days. This comparative assessment underscores the functional equivalence of CB collagen with conventional animal-derived sources and offers critical insights for optimizing cellular agriculture-based production systems and hydrogel formulations for application-specific requirements in the future.