Advanced Development of Diverse Photovoltaic-Driven Water Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production: A Review on Coupling Mechanisms, Technological Evolution and Economic Analysis

In the context of global carbon neutrality, photovoltaic (PV)-coupled water electrolysis has emerged as a pivotal technological route for large-scale green hydrogen production. This review systematically explores the integration of diverse PV technologies (e.g., crystalline silicon, perovskite tandems, and concentrated PV) with various electrolysis systems (such as AEL, PEMEL, and AEMEL). We analyze the coupling mechanisms across light–electricity–hydrogen multi-energy fields from three dimensions: PV spectral response matching, electrolyzer kinetic adaptation, and innovative system topologies. Furthermore, this paper highlights critical scientific challenges, including the mismatch between fluctuating PV output and steady-state electrolysis, lifecycle stability under extreme conditions, and the optimization of high-cost catalysts. By incorporating cutting-edge approaches like AI-driven predictions, digital twins, and photothermal synergies, we outline future trajectories for enhancing system efficiency and economic viability. Ultimately, this review provides theoretical guidance to advance the commercialization of diverse, stable, and low-cost PV-driven green hydrogen production systems.