ERRATUM: Molecular Insight into the Anti-Melanoma Mechanism of Lumbricus rubellus Bio-Serum in Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Targeting Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor (MITF) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Pathways

Melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer that requires effective alternative therapies with minimal side effects. This study aims to develop a bio-serum formula based on Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Lumbricus rubellus extract as a natural agent for melanoma prevention and therapy. The study includes organic cultivation of Lumbricus rubellus, creation of NLC formulas, identification of bioactive compounds using FTIR, SDS-PAGE, and LC-MS, as well as toxicity tests, in silico, in vitro, and in vivo assays. The identification results revealed the presence of bioactive compounds, including lumbrokinase, lumbricin I, antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase), terpenoids, and retinoids, with antioxidant and anticancer activities. In vitro assays show very strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 54.66 µg/mL) and ultra SPF value (38.76 at 2500 µg/mL). Dermal acute toxicity tests showed that the bio-serum was safe to use with an irritability index of 0.041. In vivo assays in melanoma rat model showed a significant decrease in MITF and VEGF levels in the group given 10% bio-serum NLC (p < 0.05), indicating potential in inhibiting melanogenesis and angiogenesis. Histopathological analysis revealed that the positive control group exhibited melanocyte migration of 0.166%. The P-1 (5%) showed 2.53%, and the P-2 (10%) treatment group showed 1.80%, indicating the effectiveness of bio-serum in inhibiting melanocyte migration compared to the negative controls. This study concludes that NLC bio-serum, based on Lumbricus rubellus extract, has the potential to be an effective natural therapeutic agent for melanoma.