Research on factors influencing users’ intentions to use battery swap technology: a comprehensive model analysis

This study develops a user intention model for the battery-swapping mode based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2), integrating perceived risk as a key antecedent variable. A total of 516 participants were recruited in this study, and data on performance expectancy, effort expectancy, hedonic motivation, price value, habits, facilitating conditions, perceived risk, attitude, subject norm, perceived behavioral control, and willingness to use battery swapping technology were collected via questionnaires. The results show that attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control exert significant direct effects on users' intention to adopt the battery-swapping mode. Performance expectancy, effort expectancy, hedonic motivation, and facilitating conditions influence intention indirectly through attitude. By establishing a more granular model, this study provides a clearer understanding of user acceptance of automotive battery-swapping technology. The findings offer an evidence-based approach for examining user intention and provide actionable implications for enterprises and policymakers seeking to refine battery-swapping strategies and support the development of the electric vehicle sector.