Event-triggered pinning synchronization of stochastic complex networks under hybrid attacks

This paper proposes a novel pinning event-triggered control protocol for resilient synchronization of complex networks under hybrid Denial-of-Service (DoS) and False Data Injection (FDI) attacks. By integrating pinning control with an event-triggered mechanism, the proposed protocol achieves global synchronization by actuating only a subset of nodes, significantly reducing communication and computational overhead. The frequency and duration constraints of non-periodic, asynchronous DoS attacks across different network boundaries are rigorously characterized, and the adverse effects of FDI attacks on synchronization are systematically quantified. To address the additional challenge of random noise in practical environments, a stochastic version of the protocol is developed, with theoretical guarantees ensuring synchronization is preserved under noisy conditions. Furthermore, the proposed event-triggering scheme is proven to be free of Zeno behavior. Numerical simulations validate the theoretical results and demonstrate that the proposed protocol achieves reliable synchronization under hybrid cyber-attacks and stochastic disturbances with reduced communication overhead.