The next phase in Long COVID research: addressing the ethical challenges in trials of disease-modifying treatments

<h2>Summary</h2> Almost five years after COVID-19 emerged, multiple scientific uncertainties remain about why some people experience ongoing symptoms long after being infected with SARS-CoV-2 (Long COVID). The pathophysiology underlying Long COVID and its potential to represent several endotypes are still under investigation. These scientific uncertainties around Long COVID have been cited as a reason to delay treatment trials until the disease is better understood. In this paper, a group of bioethicists, clinician-scientists and people with lived experience with Long COVID argue that it is ethically imperative to conduct trials of disease-modifying treatments for Long COVID now. Furthermore, we argue that although conducting such trials can pose ethical challenges, these challenges can be overcome through careful research priority-setting, rigorous trial design, fair participant selection, and ensuring that the risk-benefit profile is favorable.