Analysis of Nighttime Operation Characteristics of Restaurant Establishments in Low-Rise Residential Areas of Seoul

While nighttime commercial activities within low-rise residential neighborhoods significantly impact the local living environment, previous research has predominantly concentrated on the spatial distribution and diffusion of commercialization.Consequently, spatial factors explicitly incorporating operating hours remain insufficiently examined.To address this gap, this study investigates the time-dependent spatial characteristics of commercial activities by analyzing 12,020 food and beverage establishments situated in low-rise residential areas of Seoul.Closing times were classified into three temporal categories: daytime, nighttime, and late-night, and a multinomial logistic regression model was employed.The empirical findings reveal that 55.9% of the establishments operate beyond 22:00.In contrast to daytime operations, nighttime activities demonstrated a stronger correlation with micro-scale street attributes within the neighborhood rather than subway accessibility.For the late-night period, the proportion of single-person households and the characteristics of drinking establishments were identified as statistically significant variables.These results indicate that the spatial dynamics of commercial activities diverge considerably depending on the operating time.Nevertheless, as this research relies on cross-sectional data from specific low-rise residential contexts, inherent limitations exist regarding the generalizability of the outcomes and the definitive inference of causality.