Unified Essential Interpretation of Proton and Neutron Puzzles(revised version)

Based on the Theory of Infinite Microscopic Hierarchies and Virtual-Real Mass, this paper summarizes six fundamental physical laws from experimental phenomena. Taking impacts of ultra-microscopic particles, shielding effect and pressure difference as the core mechanisms, it provides a unified interpretation of various puzzling physical phenomena related to protons and neutrons. This paper defines the microscopic structures of up quarks, down quarks and nucleons, and illustrates the mutual transformation mechanism between protons and neutrons. It interprets the essence of the strong nuclear force (color force and residual nuclear force) and the weak nuclear force under a single underlying logic, proving that the two forces share the same origin. Meanwhile, it systematically explains phenomena including parity violation, weakened rebound in nucleon collisions, as well as differences in mass and stability between protons and neutrons. The proposed theory is logically self-consistent. It breaks the research pattern that explains a single phenomenon with an independent model, and provides new theoretical ideas for the study of microscopic particle physics.