Extended Reality in Rehabilitation Medicine: A Systematic Review

Background and Aims: This systematic review synthesizes current evidence on the application of extended reality (XR) technologies, comprising virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR), in rehabilitation medicine, assessing their effects across diverse rehabilitation domains and clinical outcomes. Methods: A comprehensive search of three biomedical databases was conducted, yielding 58 randomized controlled trials that examined XR interventions in geriatric, neurological, orthopedic, and pediatric rehabilitation. Methodological quality was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. Results were qualitatively synthesized according to intervention characteristics and outcome measures. Results: The findings indicate that XR technologies can enhance rehabilitation outcomes, including improvements in motor and cognitive function, pain management, psychological well-being, and quality of life. XR interventions were shown to improve balance, strength, and cognitive and psychological function in older adults; facilitate motor recovery and reduce neuropathic pain in neurological populations; support postoperative rehabilitation and conservative interventions in orthopedic patients; and enhance engagement and therapeutic goals attainment in pediatric patients. Conclusion: XR technologies present a promising and innovative approach to rehabilitation, offering personalized and engaging therapeutic experiences. Clinicians should leverage XR technologies to empower patients and optimize clinical outcomes.