Application of flexible multi-state switches for electric vehicle load integration in distribution network

With the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EV), the randomness and volatility of large-scale EV charging loads significantly impact the normal operation of distribution grids. Distribution network losses and voltage offset often exceed permissible limits. To mitigate these issues, flexible multi-state switches (FMS) are employed to manage EV charging loads. When substantial loads are concentrated, an improved Gray Wolf algorithm (IGWA) optimizes the operational state of the FMS, ensuring the economic and reliable operation of the distribution grid.