Entropy Generation Analysis of MHD Hybrid Nanofluid Flow With Nonlinear Thermal Radiation Over a Porous Stretching Surface

ABSTRACT Hybrid nanofluids (NF) can enhance surface stability, diffusion, and dispersion properties over conventional NF. Hybrid NF are a relatively new class of NF with a range of potential applications in bioengineering, tissue engineering, biosensing, molecular imaging, and drug delivery. Carbon nanotubes are nanomaterials with potential applications in biomedicine, including drug delivery, biosensing, molecular imaging, and tissue engineering. The current study investigates the impact of nonlinear thermal radiation and entropy generation on the flow behavior of a hybrid nanofluid over an infinitely permeable plate in the presence of a magnetic field. The analysis focuses on understanding how these physical mechanisms interact to determine the system's thermal and fluid dynamic properties. Carbon nanotube (SWCNT and MWCNT) particles, with iron oxide nanoparticles of different shapes, are suspended in the conventional fluid. In the mathematical formulation, the governing partial differential equations were transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using appropriate similarity transformations. The dimensionless ordinary differential system is numerically integrated in MATLAB. Graphs are used to demonstrate the significance of key factors with respect to the velocity profile and temperature distribution. The central findings of this work highlight the roles of several governing parameters, such as plate permeability, temperature ratio, radiation intensity, magnetic influence, internal heat source or sink, nanoparticle concentration, and velocity slip on both the velocity distribution and entropy generation within the system. The analysis reveals that stronger magnetic fields reduce fluid velocity due to the Lorentz force, whereas nonlinear radiation markedly increases the thermal profile. Entropy production is shown to rise with increasing Brinkman number and nanoparticle loading. Moreover, the incorporation of hybrid nanoparticles substantially augments the thermal transport capability of the host fluid.