Extraction of Phospholipids From Crude Rapeseed Oil by <i>n</i> ‐Hexane/Alcohol System: Effects of Solvent Composition on Extraction Performance and Oil Quality

-hexane/ethanol (1:1, v/v) containing 7% water (HE7) gave the best overall performance, yielding 91.18% PLs with 96.54% purity, 90.18% oil recovery, and an undetectable phosphorus content. Compositional analysis showed that the recovered PL fractions were mainly composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), although the subclass distribution varied with the extraction system. FTIR, polarized light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy confirmed that structurally intact PL-rich fractions were obtained and that their microstructure depended on extraction conditions. Degumming substantially reduced acid value, but also altered oxidative stability and the retention of endogenous minor components in the oil phase. Correlation and hierarchical clustering analyses further identified HE7 as the most balanced green extraction condition. HE7 represents a promising and more sustainable alternative to the conventional Folch procedure for PL recovery from crude rapeseed oil.