Mild photothermal-responsive hydrogel with H2Se delivery for anti-infection and microenvironment remodeling to bone regeneration in diabetic osteomyelitis

Se scavenges excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) to alleviate cell death, simultaneously inhibiting inflammation pathways (NF-κB and NLR). Lastly, the TF@GL hydrogel promotes osteogenic differentiation by activating the TGF-β/BMP osteogenic pathway, and the porous structure enhances cell migration and nutrient diffusion, accelerating bone repair. This design provides a comprehensive therapeutic strategy for diabetic osteomyelitis through the spatiotemporal synergy of gas delivery and controlled photothermal effects, offering effective antibacterial activity, oxidative stress alleviation, and bone regeneration induction.