Cardiovascular prevention in a changing climate

Environmental preventive cardiology represents a pressing priority with far-reaching consequences extending to future generations. As climate change accelerates, preventive strategies must evolve to account for dynamic, multi-layered environmental risks that shape cardiovascular vulnerability. Future directions include i) developing more granular and integrated assessments of individual and population-level environmental exposures; ii) clarifying how these exposures interact with both traditional and emerging cardiovascular risk factors; iii) re-evaluating longstanding distinctions between modifiable and non-modifiable risk in light of increasingly external, climate-driven determinants of health. Together, these advances will enable a more precise and timely understanding of cardiovascular risk, support the development of risk profiles that account for specific individual susceptibilities, and inform prevention strategies that are responsive to a rapidly changing climate.