Cultural Proximity in Domestic Tourism: A Configurational Analysis of Experiential Structure in Protected Areas

This study advances a configurational perspective on domestic tourism in protected areas by introducing the Applied Cultural Proximity Model (ACPM). While dominant tourism frameworks rely on causal relationships grounded in cultural distance, novelty, and outcome-based evaluation, domestic tourism remains theoretically underdeveloped despite being embedded in shared symbolic systems and cultural familiarity. To address this gap, the study conceptualizes tourism experience as a multidimensional configuration of interrelated dimensions, emphasizing patterns of covariance rather than causal relationships. The ACPM specifies six experiential domains—natural, cultural, administrative, accessibility, complementary, and communication—modeled as a system of covarying latent constructs within culturally proximate contexts. A sequential exploratory mixed-methods design was employed. The qualitative phase supported construct specification, and the quantitative phase analyzed data from 1113 domestic tourists visiting Cotopaxi National Park using Confirmatory Factor Analysis and covariance-based Structural Equation Modeling. Results support a six-dimensional measurement model with satisfactory reliability and validity (CFI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.064). Significant positive associations among all dimensions indicate a coherent covariance structure. Natural attributes exhibit higher perceptual salience within the covariance structure, while cultural and communication dimensions occupy a central position within the experiential configuration. The study contributes by modeling tourism experience as a relational system and positioning cultural proximity as an interpretive condition, providing a non-causal framework for understanding experiential organization in domestic tourism.