On the redshift evolution of the spin parameter in cosmological simulations

Abstract Although the spin parameter of dark matter halos is well known to follow a log-normal distribution at fixed epoch, its quantitative redshift evolution - encompassing both the mean and the dispersion - remains only partially explored. Prior studies either lack the mass resolution required to establish reliable evolutionary trends or do not provide analytical relations that enable forward modelling. Using a suite of ΛCDM N-body simulations with controlled resolution across the redshift range 0 ≤ z ≤ 5, we characterise the evolution of the mean and dispersion of the Peebles (λ) and Bullock (λ′) definitions of spin. We find a mild but statistically robust linear evolution for ln λ and a non-monotonic trend with a turnover at z ≈ 1 – 2 for ln λ′, which we verify are unaffected by mass resolution of choice of halo definition. We provide closed-form fitting functions for these trends that allow modellers to draw physically motivated spin values at any redshift within our range of validity. This is a practical, redshift-dependent alternative to the common assumption of a constant spin distribution, and provides a useful input to semi-empirical and semi-analytic models of galaxy formation.