Battery State of Charge Estimation in Electric Vehicles Using Machine Learning with Feature Engineering and Seasonal Analysis Under On-Road Conditions

Estimating the state of charge (SoC) is a critical task for effective management of electric vehicle batteries. Simple machine learning methods (LR, KNN, etc.) often suffer from limited prediction accuracy, while deep learning approaches (LSTM, CNN, etc.) generally require high computational resources and behave as black-box models with limited explainability. To overcome these limitations, the present work proposes a SoC estimation approach based on the Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM). The proposed model provides a balanced trade-off between prediction accuracy and computational efficiency. Furthermore, feature engineering is performed to derive additional informative features, improving the model’s ability to learn driving conditions and battery dynamics. In addition, the study incorporates a seasonal analysis by evaluating the model under both summer and winter conditions, allowing the impact of environmental variations on SoC estimation performance to be investigated. Moreover, Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques are employed to interpret the model predictions. Evaluation on real-world on-road data demonstrated that the proposed model achieved substantial improvements in estimation performance compared to recent studies.