Changing Patterns of HCV Genotype Distribution in a Migration-Affected Region of Turkey: A Retrospective Hospital-Based Study (2014–2021)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is still a major worldwide health concern. It is distinguished by a high degree of genetic variation that affects the course of the illness and the effectiveness of treatment. The epidemiological profile of HCV is prone to rapid change in areas where there is significant human migration, like Turkey. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of long-term migration on local viral diversity by analyzing the distribution and temporal trends of HCV genotypes among Turkish citizens and asylum seekers in Kayseri, Turkey, over an eight-year period. From January 2014 to December 2021. 1173 HCV RNA-positive patients at Kayseri City Training and Research Hospital were the subject of a retrospective analysis. Genotypes were determined using the Abbott RealTime HCV Genotype II assay and Montania 4896 assay (Anatolia Geneworks, Türkiye). The most prevalent genotypes were Genotype 1b (48.3%, 95% CI: 45.5–51.2%), Genotype 4 (25.0%, 95% CI: 22.5–27.5%), and Genotype 1a (10.3%, 95% CI: 8.6–12.1%). Turkish patients exhibited the highest prevalence of Genotype 1b (98.2%), while asylum seekers demonstrated greater relative burdens of Genotype 4 (8.5% of total GT4) and Genotype 5 (83.3% of total GT5). Genotype 3a emerged in 2018, with a predominance in males (73.9%). The Cochran–Armitage trend test revealed statistically significant increasing trends for Genotype 3 (Z = 3.572, p = 0.0004) and Genotype 3a (Z = 2.600, p = 0.009). This eight-year retrospective study demonstrates that the HCV genotype distribution in Kayseri has undergone significant changes in the context of migration and demographic shifts. The statistically significant increasing trends of Genotypes 3 and 3a, particularly among younger male populations, suggest evolving transmission dynamics. These findings underscore the necessity of demographically targeted and culturally appropriate screening and treatment strategies for both resident and migrant populations to achieve HCV elimination goals.