Trends and Future Projections of Extreme Precipitation Indices in Limpopo Province, South Africa

Climate-related extremes such as floods and droughts have been the main causes of natural disasters in southern Africa in recent years, with noticeable trends in climate extremes being observed. The Limpopo Province in South Africa has been especially prone to these extremes. The extreme precipitation in Limpopo is mainly caused by a mix of intense tropical weather systems and La Niña conditions, both exacerbated by climate change. Climate change exacerbates current water challenges across the province by affecting precipitation patterns, distribution, timing and intensity, leading to extreme climate events such as floods and drought. The historical and future trends of precipitation and relevant extreme indices using observed data from the South African Weather Service and CORDEX ensemble model simulations under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios were examined. An analysis of all precipitation data suitable for the study of long-term variability and trends indicates that most areas underwent drying to various degrees over the last century, especially the central and western parts. Drier conditions over the eastern parts have become more prevalent over the last 50 years. Also, more extremes on a sub-seasonal basis were experienced. Regarding future scenarios, three projected time periods compared to the baseline period (1976–2005) were examined: Current climatology (2006–2035), near-future (2036–2065), and far-future (2066–2095). Most areas will experience a further decrease in precipitation under both emission scenarios, especially in the south-east, central and extreme northern parts. In addition, these areas are expected to experience a decrease in the frequency of heavy precipitation days for all periods under both RCP scenarios, mainly due to drying. Consecutive dry days are expected to increase significantly. Transitioning to renewable energy and enhancing natural carbon sinks can reduce emissions, while prioritizing resilience through renewable energy, water management, and climate-smart agriculture will help address climate change challenges in the province.