Multiplex Modular Nanorobotic Systems with Catalytic Activity under Magnetic Navigation

ABSTRACT Nano‐ and microrobot technologies are rapidly advancing as powerful platforms for controlled and multifunctional activity at the nanoscale. However, engineering multifunctional nanorobots that integrate propulsion control, real‐time tracking, targeting, and biochemical activity remains a central challenge in nanorobotics. Here, we report a modular strategy for constructing multiplex nanorobotic systems composed of magnetic Janus nanoparticles as propulsion modules and polymersome‐based extension modules loaded with fluorescent dye or enzymes. Complementary DNA pairing drives programmable self‐organization, ensuring well‐defined module assembly and orthogonal separation of functions. The resulting nanorobots demonstrate precise magnetic navigation, optical tracking, enzymatic catalysis, and cell surface docking. Our programmable modules enable the integration of therapeutic functionalities based on enzymatic activity together with magnetic guidance and, crucially, reusability across multiple enzymatic cycles. This strategy provides a blueprint for designing adaptive nanorobotic systems that integrate modules with diverse functions in a programmable and reconfigurable format.