Perception of headache-related disability in individuals with and without headache disorders working in a municipal government in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area

= 0.0306).ConclusionHeadache severity, visual aura, and throbbing pain appear to be key therapeutic targets for attenuating headache-related disability. Headache perception varied between individuals with and without headaches, and these differences were further modified by sex among those without headaches. These findings suggest that males without headaches are more likely to perceive headaches as a serious condition, whereas females without headaches appear to be influenced by the presence of nearby individuals with headaches.