Expecting gender outgroup members to be inclusive is related to positive attributions and contact with outgroup members

Inclusive group norms can reduce children’s discriminatory behavior and contribute to positive and diverse peer relationships. Little is known about how outgroup inclusive group norms are associated with children’s behaviors and attitudes towards cross-gender peers. To address this gap, the present study investigated how 7–12-year-old American children’s ( N = 983, M Age = 9.64 years, SD Age = 0.89); 51% female; 58.5% White, 17.5% Multiethnic, 8.3% Asian American, 5.6% Black, 4.2% Latinx, 0.6% Other, 5.3% not reported) perceptions of their gender outgroups’ inclusive norms were related to their reported play, desired play, and positive trait attributions of gender outgroup members. Children held higher inclusive norm expectations (INE) for their gender ingroup than outgroup. Children with higher outgroup INE reported and desired more play with gender outgroup members and had more positive attitudes towards them. The associations of INE with reported and desired play appeared to be stronger for boys than for girls.

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Publication Details

Journal
Group Processes & Intergroup Relations
Published
2026-04-30
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1177/13684302261435062
Primary Topic
Social and Intergroup Psychology
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

Expecting gender outgroup members to be inclusive is related to positive attributions and contact with outgroup members

Kate V Luken Raz, Marley B. Forbes, Elise M. Kaufman, Melanie A. Killen
Group Processes & Intergroup Relations
Social and Intergroup Psychology
article

Expecting gender outgroup members to be inclusive is related to positive attributions and contact with outgroup members

Kate V Luken Raz, Marley B. Forbes, Elise M. Kaufman, Melanie A. Killen
article en

Abstract

Inclusive group norms can reduce children’s discriminatory behavior and contribute to positive and diverse peer relationships. Little is known about how outgroup inclusive group norms are associated with children’s behaviors and attitudes towards cross-gender peers. To address this gap, the present study investigated how 7–12-year-old American children’s ( N = 983, M Age = 9.64 years, SD Age = 0.89); 51% female; 58.5% White, 17.5% Multiethnic, 8.3% Asian American, 5.6% Black, 4.2% Latinx, 0.6% Other, 5.3% not reported) perceptions of their gender outgroups’ inclusive norms were related to their reported play, desired play, and positive trait attributions of gender outgroup members. Children held higher inclusive norm expectations (INE) for their gender ingroup than outgroup. Children with higher outgroup INE reported and desired more play with gender outgroup members and had more positive attitudes towards them. The associations of INE with reported and desired play appeared to be stronger for boys than for girls.

Group Processes & Intergroup Relations
University of Alberta (CA), University of Maryland, College Park (US)
Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Gender equality
Openalex Percentile: Top 5%
Social and Intergroup Psychology
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Expecting gender outgroup members to be inclusive is related to positive attributions and contact with outgroup members — Kate V Luken Raz, Marley B. Forbes, et al. · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations (2026) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS