Wild Flora Species from Romania with Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Potential: A Global Perspective—Narrative Review

Introduction: Depression and anxiety are highly prevalent disorders with a substantial impact on quality of life. Limitations related to the efficacy and tolerability of conventional pharmacological treatments have stimulated increasing interest in complementary therapeutic approaches, including phytotherapy. This review aims to provide an integrative analysis of some plant species present in the spontaneous flora of Romania, correlating their traditional use with the phytochemical, pharmacological, preclinical, and clinical data available globally. The approach aims to highlight the therapeutic relevance of these species in both regional and international contexts. Relevant sections: This narrative review integrates available data on seven species commonly used in traditional medicine: Matricaria chamomilla L., Galium odoratum L., Melissa officinalis L., Leonurus cardiaca L., Hypericum perforatum L., Tilia spp., and Crataegus monogyna Jacq. This review examines their geographical distribution, taxonomic classification, phytochemical composition, proposed mechanisms of action, and available preclinical and clinical evidence, as well as safety considerations and products currently available on the Romanian pharmaceutical sales. Discussion: Current evidence suggests that Hypericum perforatum L. and Melissa officinalis L. are supported by relatively robust clinical data regarding their efficacy in reducing anxiety and depressive symptoms. For the remaining species, evidence is derived mainly from preclinical studies or traditional use. The proposed mechanisms of action include modulation of neurotransmitter activity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and regulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Conclusions: Phytotherapy represents a promising approach in the management of anxiety and depressive disorders, particularly as a complementary therapeutic option. However, the strength of evidence varies considerably among the analyzed species, and clinical data remain limited for several of them. Future directions: From a future perspective, advancing the clinical relevance of the analyzed plant species requires a more coherent integration of existing pharmacological, preclinical, and emerging clinical data. Particular attention should be given to species for which the current evidence remains predominantly experimental, by promoting research strategies that facilitate the translation of mechanistic findings into clinically meaningful outcomes.