Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles Functionalized with Natural Polymers or Phytochemicals for Targeted Disruption of Candida spp. Biofilms on Denture Materials: A Systematic Review

Background: Denture stomatitis is strongly associated with Candida biofilms on prosthetic surfaces and remains difficult to manage due to biofilm persistence and antifungal resistance. Selenium-based nanomaterials, particularly biogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) functionalized with natural polymers or phytochemicals, have emerged as potential material-centered strategies for biofilm control. Objective: To systematically evaluate the antifungal and antibiofilm effects of selenium-based nanomaterials on Candida biofilms in the context of denture materials. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO. Multiple databases were searched from inception without language restrictions. Eligible studies included experimental investigations of biogenic or functionalized SeNPs or organoselenium compounds targeting Candida biofilms on denture materials or in relevant in vitro models. A qualitative synthesis was performed due to anticipated heterogeneity. Results: Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Of these, four studies directly evaluated selenium-based interventions on denture materials, while seven provided supporting mechanistic evidence using in vitro models on non-denture substrates. Across denture-related studies, selenium-based modifications reduced fungal adhesion, biofilm biomass, and colony-forming units, without detrimental effects on material properties. Functionalization with polymers or phytochemicals was associated with enhanced antifungal activity and nanoparticle stability. Mechanistic studies suggested multimodal antifungal effects, including membrane disruption, inhibition of virulence factors, and modulation of biofilm-related pathways. Methodological quality was moderate, with common limitations in reporting and experimental standardization. Conclusions: Functionalized biogenic SeNPs show promising antifungal and antibiofilm activity against Candida in preclinical denture-related models. However, all available evidence is in vitro, with no in vivo or clinical studies identified. Substantial heterogeneity and limited long-term safety data preclude clinical recommendations. Further research should focus on standardized methodologies, clinically relevant in vivo models, and controlled clinical trials to assess translational potential.