Psychometric Properties and Measurement Invariance of the Borderline Personality Organization Scale among Emerging Adults

Abstract Background: The Borderline Personality Organization (BPO) is a psychoanalytical construct proposed by Kernberg and is characterized by identity diffusion, reliance on primitive defense mechanisms, and generally intact reality testing. The BPO scale has emerged as a promising tool for assessing the level of BPO; however, its psychometric properties have not yet been examined among emerging adults in India. Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the BPO scale in this population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional psychometric study was conducted among 611 emerging adults aged 18–29 years, comprising both genders, who were recruited through convenience sampling. The standardised measures used in the study: BPO Scale, Borderline Symptom List-23, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis supported the three-factor structure of the BPO scale, demonstrating adequate model fit (χ 2 /df = 1124.99/399, P < 0.001; Tucker–Lewis index = 0.903; comparative fit index = 0.911; root mean square error of approximation = 0.055; and standardized root mean square residual = 0.047). The scale showed excellent internal consistency across subscales (α = 0.850–0.872; ω =0.853–0.873), strong test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.859), and satisfactory convergent validity with measures of borderline personality symptoms, anxiety, and depression. The measurement invariance was supported across gender. Discriminant validity was confirmed, as the scale accurately differentiated between individuals with and without self-reported BPD symptoms. Conclusion: Overall, the BPO scale is a reliable and valid tool for assessing the level of BPO among emerging adults in India.