Chemical Exposure and Health Toxicity in Intaglio Printmaking: Assessing Health Risks and Recommending Mitigation Strategies

Printmaking blends artistic creativity with scientific technique, but traditional intaglio relies on hazardous chemicals that threaten human health and the environment. This research examines the chemical reactions, safety risks, and long-term health effects of substances used in intaglio practice, highlighting the need for safer, scientifically informed artistic methods. The research is mixed-method based, employing laboratory studies, field data and questioners from practitioners of printmaking (n=115) from different countries. The paper uncovers that one of the greatest concerns in printmaking studios is exposure to these chemicals, the safety in which is frequently poorly adhered to. This study analyzed the chemical reactions those are happened during intaglio printmaking process and explore the threats and effects of Nitric Acid (HNO<sub>3</sub>), Phosphoric Acid (H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>), Ferric Chloride (FeCl<sub>3</sub>), and Copper Sulfate (CuSO<sub>4</sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O) and the supplementary components on human health of these chemicals. Meanwhile, survey data with participants’ opinions are also mentioned here, where large numbers of participants agree with the hazardous health issues and widely support this content. The study further proposes mitigation approaches, including the adoption of less toxic substitutes, improved ventilation systems, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and raised awareness through safety training. By addressing these concerns, the research aims to endorse safer and more sustainable printmaking practices. This study examined chemical exposure and associated health toxicity among practitioners of intaglio printmaking, integrating occupational exposure data, reported health outcomes, and workplace observations to assess risk.