Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) immunomodulatory nanoparticles attenuate neuroinflammation and Alzheimer’s disease-related pathology in 5xFAD mice

myeloid cells. These changes were accompanied by reduced expression of activation- and disease-associated markers and lower pro-inflammatory cytokine production within microglial populations. Histological analysis further showed reduced cortical amyloid plaque burden, decreased CD68 immunoreactivity, and reduced neurodegeneration in treated 5xFAD mice. Together, these findings show that systemically administered poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) immunomodulatory nanoparticles produce durable behavioral, immunological, and pathological benefits in 5xFAD mice and support further investigation of this biodegradable myeloid-targeted platform as a therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease.