Hydrological Variability and Socio-Ecological Responses in Flood-Prone Riverine Communities of the Niger Delta, Nigeria: Women’s Lived Experiences

Riverine systems in tropical deltaic environments are increasingly exposed to hydrological variability driven by climate change, sea level rise, and extreme precipitation. In Nigeria’s Niger Delta, recurrent flooding and environmental degradation are intensifying pressures on freshwater ecosystems and dependent communities. This study examines hydrological stressors in riverine settlements of Bayelsa State and explores associated socio-ecological responses. Using an exploratory qualitative design, data were collected from 51 women residing in highly vulnerable riverine communities through 24 in-depth interviews and three focus group discussions. Thematic analysis identified prolonged flooding, riverbank erosion, salinity intrusion, water quality deterioration, and oil pollution, as key drivers of declining fisheries, reduced agricultural productivity, and household water insecurity. These stressors have prompted relocation, livelihood diversification, and reliance on indigenous adaptation practices. The study recommends: (1) installation of community-based flood early warning systems; (2) routine monitoring of surface water quality and salinity; (3) enforcement of oil spill remediation and pollution control measures; (4) rehabilitation of wetlands and natural drainage channels; and (5) targeted support for climate-resilient livelihoods such as aquaculture and elevated farming systems. These measures are critical for sustaining freshwater ecosystems and strengthening resilience in vulnerable deltaic communities.