Tuning pyrolysis temperature of wheat straw biochar supports for enhanced Bi2WO6 photocatalytic degradation of stormwater contaminants in real water matrices

, while higher pyrolysis temperatures had a negative impact on performance. The optimal composite was successfully employed for the degradation of a mixture of the emerging stormwater contaminants DPG, 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (TTZ), and 2-(4-morpholinyl)benzothiazole (MoBT) under simulated solar light in both secondary effluent and stormwater matrices, representing, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of photocatalytic degradation of this contaminant mixture in real water matrices. In real stormwater, the composite achieved over 80% removal of the target mixture along with a 32% reduction in the total organic carbon. These findings demonstrate the potential of wheat straw-derived materials as sustainable photocatalyst supports, advancing the practical application of agricultural waste for scalable, environmentally relevant water treatment applications.