Evaluating multidimensional benefits of the Sponge City: an indicator-based analysis of public health, environmental and socio-economic outcomes

Purpose Rapid urbanization is a major driver of disruptions to the natural urban water cycle. Accelerated rates of land conversion and the use of impervious surfaces, linked to biodiversity loss and an increase in urban flooding, often produce broader social, economic and environmental consequences. This study aims to examine how Sponge City initiatives deliver broader co-benefits for public health, environmental sustainability and socio-economic development beyond primarily addressing hydrological and ecological challenges. Design/methodology/approach Employing a criterion-based content analysis of relevant literature, it quantifies the coverage of 11 predefined indicators spanning these three dimensions to identify priority areas that need to be strengthened and neglected aspects that corrective actions and policies should target. Findings The findings indicate that current research on Sponge City initiatives placed special emphasis on stormwater control, water quality enhancement and climate resilience, with notable gaps in other key domains, including air quality, mental health, equitable access to infrastructure and carbon sequestration. Originality/value These findings highlight the importance of more integrated and multidimensional strategies that extend beyond hydrological objectives to improve environmental performance, promote social equity and advance public health. Such an approach is essential to build resilient and inclusive urban futures.