An analytical analysis of income variability captured byLorenz curves

This study provides an analytical examination of income variability in Romania, with a focus on the period 2020–2024, using Lorenz curves and associated inequality metrics. The Lorenz curve, introduced by Lorenz (1905), graphically represents the cumulative share of income held by successive population percentiles, while the Gini coefficient quantifies the deviation from perfect equality. Using official data from Eurostat, Eurofound, and national statistical sources, this paper investigates the evolution of income distribution, highlighting both trends and structural determinants of inequality. Results indicate a moderate reduction in income concentration over the analyzed period, with lower deciles capturing slightly higher income shares and the Gini coefficient declining from approximately 34 to 28 by 2024. Despite these improvements, top income groups continue to hold a disproportionate share of national income, reflecting persistent disparities. The study demonstrates the utility of Lorenz curves as a tool for visualizing and quantifying income distribution dynamics and provides evidence to inform policy measures aimed at reducing inequality and promoting social cohesion.