Effects of Black Soldier Fly ( <scp> <i>Hermetia illucens</i> </scp> ) Larvae on Biodegradation and Environmental Impact of Broiler Manure Treated With Coffee Marc

ABSTRACT The utilization of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae is regarded as one of the most effective solutions for addressing the growing abundance of organic waste and environmental challenges linked to its disposal, especially in the livestock industries. However, limited information exists regarding the optimal ratio of organic waste mixtures required to enhance waste degradation and minimize environmental contamination. This study aimed to assess the effects of BSF larvae on the biodegradation process and the environmental impact of broiler manure combined with coffee marc. When the mixture of broiler manure and coffee marc was treated with BSF larvae, it showed enhanced biodegradation and significant ( p &lt; 0.05) reduction in ammonia emissions (by 73%–96%), compared to treatments involving only broiler manure or coffee marc. These variations in degradation efficiency and ammonia reduction were influenced by the different ratios of additives in combination with the larvae. From an environmental perspective, the mixture of broiler manure and coffee marc and treatment with BSF larvae proved effective in maintaining a balanced combination of factors such as pH, total nitrogen (TN), moisture, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), which contributed to minimizing the environmental impacts ( p &lt; 0.05). Improved biodegradation and reduced ammonia production were linked to favorable conditions including lower pH level, optimal moisture content, and properly balanced TN, ADF, and NDF. In conclusion, a blend of broiler manure (1000 g) and coffee marc (1000 g) and treatment with BSF larvae (200 g) is a viable and environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional waste management strategies.