Hyperspectral-Imaging-Based ECNN-1D for Accurate Origin Classification of Fragrant Pears

Geographical origin identification of fragrant pears is crucial for ensuring fruit quality, protecting regional brand value, and maintaining market order. However, pears from different origins often exhibit highly similar appearance and physicochemical properties, making rapid and nondestructive identification challenging for traditional methods. This study proposes a hyperspectral origin identification method based on an enhanced one-dimensional convolutional neural network (ECNN-1D) incorporating an Efficient Channel Attention (ECA) mechanism, using visible–near-infrared (Vis–NIR) and short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectral data. To address the technical challenges of highly similar spectra, redundant features, and complex information distribution, ECNN-1D enhances discriminative spectral feature representation, overcoming limitations of conventional machine learning and standard deep learning models in feature extraction and classification stability. Systematic comparisons with machine learning models (LDA, RF, KNN, SVM) and deep learning models (VGG-1D, ResNet-1D, CNN-1D) showed that while all models performed well on Vis–NIR spectra, ECNN-1D achieved the highest test accuracy of 98.94% and F1 score of 98.95% on the more challenging SWIR spectra, outperforming other approaches. These results indicate that ECNN-1D enables high-precision, nondestructive origin identification of fragrant pears, with potential cost advantages, providing a reliable technical solution for fruit traceability and quality supervision.