A novel framework for monitoring, evaluating, and learning from transdisciplinary research

<ns3:p>Background Monitoring and evaluation are crucial yet often underdeveloped components of transdisciplinary research. Transdisciplinary research aims to bridge disciplinary boundaries, engage partners, and deliver societal impact, but there are limited approaches to assess transdisciplinary research processes and the variety of impacts that arise from such projects. Methods This paper presents a novel framework for the evaluation of transdisciplinary research projects: a Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning Plan (MELP) designed specifically for transdisciplinary research contexts, drawing on climate and health research as an illustrative case. We conceptualised the MELP by reviewing transdisciplinary research evaluation literature and the illustrative case’s programme theory. The literature review collated the most relevant evaluation principles and criteria from fundamental evaluation works and aligned these with the programme’s intended underlying action model and anticipated impacts. Further development steps included aligning evaluation focus with the project’s enabling conditions and ethical considerations, identified through a project documentation review and finally proposing a structure for the evaluation plan and testing it with the research teams and partners involved in a project on climate and health. Results The resulting framework is structured around four phases of transdisciplinary research: (i) formation, (ii) formulation, (iii) investigation, and (iv) translation. Within our evaluation framework, each phase has proposed criteria, sub-criteria, guiding questions, and suggested methods for data collection. For projects taking a transdisciplinary research approach, the MELP enables systematic data collection and ongoing reflection. At a localised level within projects (i.e. for work packages), it offers a flexible approach to encourage collaboration within the evaluation process, and opportunities to adapt project activities based on real-time learning. In this paper, we reflect on the application of the MELP within a transdisciplinary research project - Policy and Implementation for Climate and Health Equity (PAICE) - highlighting how it supports continuous learning and alignment between research processes and their wider societal goals. Conclusion By providing a transferable yet adaptable approach, the MELP offers a practical approach to aid the practice of transdisciplinary research is effective, whilst building theory on transdisciplinary research itself.</ns3:p>