Risk Perception in Food Allergy Sufferers: An Evolutionary Concept Analysis

The aim of this study was to explore and conceptually visualize risk perception in sufferers of food allergies (FA) and propose a suitable definition for practice, research, and policy. This concept analysis followed Rodgers' method. Data sources included PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, APA PsycINFO, and APA PsycARTICLES. Initial searches were conducted in 2023 and updated in 2025. The search terms were "Food hypersensitivit*," "Food anaphyla*," "Food allerg*," "risk perception," "perceived risk," "perceived severity," "social risk," and "experience." Studies were systematically selected based on predefined inclusion criteria, such as presenting at least one attribute, antecedent, or consequence of risk perception and containing descriptions of sociocultural contexts and psychosocial aspects. Only English-language peer-reviewed articles were included, and study quality was appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT); in total, 34 articles met these criteria. Attributes of FA sufferers' risk perception comprised four content areas, namely, situational uncertainty, probability of coping with allergies, prospects for social participation, and perceived threat and emotional responses. Antecedents included FA perceptions and self-concept, support for FA received from others, skills and readiness for managing FA, and perceived social context of FA. Consequences included behavioral choices, allergic reactions, and perceived social limitations. This study presents a comprehensive definition of risk perception encompassing both physical and psychosocial dimensions. Understanding FA sufferers by considering the identified attributes of risk perception is essential for healthcare providers and family members when providing support. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study provides a conceptual framework for future research in risk perception of FA sufferers, potentially leading to more individualized support and informing strategies for caregivers and healthcare professionals. Furthermore, it highlights that understanding these attributes is crucial not only for those involved in the care and support of individuals with FA, including family members, but also when it comes to improving food product design, allergen labeling, and public education about food allergens, which are essential for creating safer and more inclusive food environments.