Integrated comparison of root ion flux dynamics, shoot ionic status, and root anatomy underlies contrasting salinity responses in grasses

loss. These root-level responses were closely linked to shoot ionic status: L. perenne accumulated substantial NaCl-derived osmolarity in leaves, whereas leaf osmolarity in P. maritima and F. rubra remained comparatively low even under high salinity. Furthermore, root anatomical observation revealed earlier and more extensive suberization in P. maritima, with limited development in F. rubra. These structural differences provide a mechanistic context for the observed variations in ion behavior, offering insights into species-specific adaptations to salt stress. Collectively, these findings indicate that effective salinity tolerance in grasses is closely associated with coordinated regulation of root ion fluxes, restricted salt accumulation in shoot, and the presence of supportive anatomical features, characteristics exemplified by P. martima. This study highlights the importance of integrative analysis within the physiological framework for identifying salt-resilient grasses. Such a comprehensive and efficient screening approach is crucial for advancing sustainable agriculture and facilitating ecosystem restoration in saline environments.