Barriers in implementing circular economy principles in public–private partnership smart cities

Purpose Although barriers to integrating circular economy (CE) principles in construction projects have been widely examined, little is known about how these barriers unfold in public–private partnership (PPP) smart cities. The unique contractual, governance and political complexities of PPPs create distinct implementation challenges. This study aims to analyze CE implementation barriers in PPP smart cities. Design/methodology/approach An international survey was conducted with 96 construction professionals who met two inclusion criteria: experience in PPP project environments and familiarity with CE concepts. The data were analysed using the fuzzy synthetic evaluation (FSE) method to identify and prioritize key barriers to CE implementation in PPP smart cities. Findings Governance barriers, financial constraints and institutional inefficiencies exert the strongest influence on CE implementation in PPP smart cities. Key issues include complex circular design requirements, inadequate regulatory frameworks, cost estimation inaccuracies and weak institutional support. Conversely, digital innovation and knowledge limitations, and attitudinal challenges including resistance to change and low stakeholder engagement, were perceived as less critical. The findings highlight governance, financial and institutional reforms that are essential. Practical implications This research provides a strategic direction to both private and public sectors aiming to integrate CE in PPP smart cities. Originality/value This study addresses a research gap by examining barriers to CE implementation within PPP smart cities. By integrating the FSE technique with insights from PPP experts, the study offers a systematic and data-driven framework for categorizing and prioritizing CE barriers in complex PPP environments.