The Wash Igneous Complex of eastern England: A candidate Avalonian source for Sandbian tephra in Baltoscandia and implications for closure of the Tornquist Sea

The Wash Igneous Complex (WIC) is a component of a Sandbian (Late Ordovician) calc-alkaline magmatic arc that extends from the Lake District in northern England to the Brabant Massif of Belgium, associated with fast subduction of Tornquist ocean crust separating Avalonia (upper plate) and Baltica (lower plate). Buried beneath the East Midlands and The Wash of eastern England, the WIC is likely to comprise an extensive nested caldera system, underlain by a granite batholith, inferred from geophysical data. New whole-rock geochemical data confirm the calc-alkaline character of the WIC and elucidate relationships with other calc-alkaline magmatic complexes in eastern England. Detailed petrographic and geophysical data indicate that the WIC had the capacity to generate super-eruptions. Evidence for ultraplinian volcanism comes from contemporary, regionally distributed and thick metabentonite tephra in Baltoscandia. New, high-precision U-Pb isotopic (chemical abrasion−isotope dilution−thermal ionization mass spectrometry; CA-ID-TIMS) ages of 454.45 ± 0.13/0.23/0.54 Ma and 454.40 ± 0.11/0.22/0.53 Ma (2σ, Sandbian, Late Ordovician) are reported for zircons from a heterolithic dacitic tuff-breccia and a subvolcanic microgranite respectively, recovered from two deep boreholes that intersect the WIC. These dates are identical, within their analytical uncertainties, with equivalently high-precision U-Pb zircon dates for the Kinnekulle Metabentonite (KKMB; Baltoscandia). A population of younger grains from the breccia yielding a CA-ID-TIMS age of 453.70 ± 0.17/0.26/0.55 Ma (2σ) may correlate with the Lower Grimstorp Metabentonite. The matching U-Pb dates and closely comparable apatite microphenocryst chemistry from WIC rocks and the Baltoscandian tephra suggest the WIC as a primary candidate for much of the composite KKMB.