An optical-aware Firefly Algorithm–based energy efficient routing framework for IoT networks

Abstract In order to enable large-scale, data-intensive, and energy-constrained applications, Internet of Things (IoT) networks must be integrated with optical communication infrastructures. Effective routing must simultaneously maximize wireless sensor energy usage and optical backhaul communication performance in such diverse situations. This research suggests an optical-aware Firefly Algorithm (O-FA)-based routing architecture for energy-efficient Internet of Things networks using optical backhaul lines as a solution to this problem. In the suggested framework, residual node energy, hop count, communication latency, connection quality, and optical backhaul delay are all simultaneously taken into account when modeling routing as a multiobjective optimization issue. Optimal routing pathways are dynamically chosen to balance transmission efficiency at the optical layer with energy efficiency at the wireless layer by taking use of the Firefly Algorithm’s attraction-based behavior. According to simulation results, the suggested optical-aware FA framework performs much better in terms of energy consumption, network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and throughput than both traditional routing protocols and current nature-inspired techniques, such as LEACH, PSO, and ACO. The findings verify that the performance and sustainability of next-generation IoT networks are significantly improved by integrating optical communication awareness into routing decisions.