Social Determinants of Health: A Concept Analysis

Introduction: Social determinants of health are social and economic factors, often beyond a person’s control, that directly impact the capacity of individuals and communities to achieve positive health outcomes. These determinants are central to the provision of healthcare that is equitable and non-biased. Aim: This article aims to examine and provide context for the concept of social determinants of health and to demonstrate the interconnectedness and breadth of the concept for nursing education. Methods: Walker and Avant’s eight-step approach to concept analysis was utilized. Literature was retrieved from PubMed and CINAHL databases using keywords: social determinants of health, health equity, health disparity, and racial bias. Websites and reference lists used were from the World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, American Medical Association and the American Academy of Family Physicians. Results: Social determinants of health as a concept, contributes to the delivery of healthcare, and supports public health policy, community engagement, advocacy for health equity, incorporation of social services, nursing and medical education, and epidemiology. Defining attributes include social factors, influence on health inequities, and potential impact at levels ranging from personal to societal. Factors such as slavery, segregation, economic recession, and cultural norms are antecedents. Conclusion: This article clarifies social determinants of health as a concept and provides case examples that demonstrate how the components interconnect to create a complex web of barriers to health. This concept is central to nursing education and the implementation of interventions that improve health equity and outcomes.