Effectiveness of the maritime security architecture within the WIOR in addressing traditional, non-traditional and emerging threats

The article examines the effectiveness of the Maritime Security Architecture (MSA) in the Western Indian Ocean Region (WIOR), focusing on how well it addresses traditional, non-traditional, and emerging maritime threats. It highlights significant structural and strategic weaknesses, where responses to maritime insecurity remain fragmented and heavily influenced by external powers. The region faces a complex threat landscape, including piracy, illegal fishing, drug and human trafficking, cyber threats, environmental degradation, and the impacts of climate change. These challenges are further complicated by competing state interests, great power rivalries, and shifting regional alliances. The article concludes that the MSA, in its current orientation, is inadequate. It lacks regional ownership, coordination, and the capacity to respond proactively. It recommends developing a more coherent, locally driven strategy that strengthens institutional collaboration, enhances enforcement capabilities, and critically examines the role of external actors in shaping regional security priorities. This analysis reveals a major gap in Africa's approach to maritime security, especially within the context of the WIOR. There is a pressing need for a more integrated and regionally responsive maritime security framework.