Cognitive models of speech verbs in the Kazakh language: a comparative semantic analysis with Turkic and English languages

Abstract The study examines Kazakh verbs through the lens of cognitive linguistics, aiming to identify their semantic and cognitive characteristics. The focus is on analysing cognitive models based on speech acts, as well as the influence of social and cultural contexts on the choice of speech verbs. The study employed cognitive linguistics, frame semantics, conceptual metaphor theory, mental spaces theory, polysemy analysis, semantic classification, cross-linguistic comparison, and corpus linguistics. The study identifies key semantic groups of speech verbs, such as informing, requesting information, and influencing the listener. The study presents a classification table of verbs, incorporating three approaches: semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic, which enabled the systematisation of verbs according to their functions. Prototype semantic structures for each group of speech verbs were identified based on the material. The research established that speech verbs reflect complex cognitive models that depend on the speaker’s social status, the communication situation, and other factors. This allowed for the identification of both common features and differences in the functioning of speech verbs across various languages. The research findings can enhance language teaching practices and inform the development of AI-based language technologies, improving communication and learning tools.