Artificial intelligence-based analysis of visual electrophysiological signals for clinical interpretation support

Introduction Visual electrophysiology, including electroretinograms (ERG) and visual evoked potentials (VEP), provides a real-time functional assessment of retinal and post-retinal pathways, complementing structural imaging. Subtypes such as transient, periodic, multifocal, and code-modulated signals probe distinct physiological mechanisms and reveal pathological signatures ranging from photoreceptor dysfunction to cortical pathway impairment. However, interpretation is often challenged by low signal amplitude, noise, and inter-individual variability. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) enable automated, objective and reproducible analysis, and may improve sensitivity, and scalability in clinical and research environments. We undertook a literature review to identify the potential of automated analysis of brief visual electrophysiology signals to support medical interpretation in ophthalmology. Materials and methods A review of the 2020–2025 literature was undertaken. Results AI has been increasingly applied to ERG and VEP signals. These signals encode complex pathophysiological processes. Their features vary widely as they are transient (triggered by a single stimulus), periodic (repeated over time), multifocal (capturing signals from multiple visual field locations), or dependent on specific timing or coding schemes. These properties influence the choice of the most appropriate AI method for analysis. Classical ML methods remain useful for interpretable, feature-based classification of relatively scarce medical data, such as transient/aperiodic VEP and ERG. By modeling latent dynamics, AI can identify subtle or early dysfunction and harmonize interpretation across centers. Conclusion AI supports reproducible, clinician-independent pipelines for electrophysiology, well-suited to high-volume clinics and large-scale screening. The convergence of standardized acquisition protocols with advanced AI analysis has the potential to deliver more personalized, timely, and objective assessments of visual system integrity in neuro-ophthalmic practice.