Acacetin Attenuates Heatstroke‐Induced Acute Liver Injury by Targeting the c‐Jun/ <scp>PTGS2</scp> Pathway

Heatstroke-induced acute liver injury (HS-ALI) is primarily driven by hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation. Acacetin (5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone, AC) is a naturally occurring O-methylated flavone derived from Chrysanthemum × morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl., a hybrid species with the parentage C. argyrophyllum × C. dichrum × C. indicum × C. nankingense × C. zawadzkii. Known for its antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties, this compound has not been previously investigated for its effects on HS-ALI. This study integrated network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations (MDS), and in vivo experiments to evaluate the efficacy and mechanism of AC. Mice were randomized into normal control, heatstroke control, AC-pretreated (25 or 50 mg/kg/d) heatstroke groups, as well as groups treated with the c-Jun (protein symbol JUN; encoded by the Jun gene) and its N-terminal kinase activator (anisomycin) alone or in combination with AC (50 mg/kg/d). Liver injury, oxidative stress, the c-Jun and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) pathway, and ferroptosis were assessed using histopathology, western blot, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Network pharmacology and molecular docking identified JUN and PTGS2 as core targets of AC, demonstrating stable binding, which was further validated by MDS. In vivo, AC pretreatment significantly alleviated histopathological damage and oxidative stress, suppressed activation of the c-Jun/PTGS2 pathway, and inhibited key markers of hepatic ferroptosis-effects that were confirmed in agonist challenge experiments. In conclusion, AC ameliorates HS-ALI likely by inhibiting the c-Jun/PTGS2 axis and attenuating ferroptosis, highlighting its potential as a candidate compound for HS-ALI.